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pollution hazards
problems facing by earth due to pollution
Thursday 2 June 2016
Friday 11 December 2015
pollution effect on cheppulu
cheppulu is a telugu word meaning chappals or sandals or footwear.
pollution effects on cheppulu will be dangerous.cheppulu will tesr off due to pollution.
pollution effects on cheppulu will be dangerous.cheppulu will tesr off due to pollution.
Friday 20 November 2015
Renewable resource
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A renewable resource is a resource which is replaced naturally and can be used again. Examples are: oxygen, fresh water, solar energy, timber, and biomass. Renewable resources may also include goods commodities such as wood, paper and leather.
Gasoline, coal, natural gas, diesel, plastics and other things that come from fossil fuels are not renewable. They take millions of years to be made, and cannot be renewed in our lifetime or even a nation's lifetime (they are called fossil fuels because they are as old as fossils). Plastic can be recycled, and ways have been developed to make biodegradable plastic and biodiesel and other fuels from renewable resources such as corn, sugar cane, soybeans and canola.
A problem with fossil fuels is the pollution and global warming gases they produce. Renewable resources are usually much cleaner. But they can also cost more. New technology for renewable resources is helping to make them cheaper. And now even fossil fuels are becoming harder to find and more expensive. This combination means that renewable resources are making more sense than ever, and this is a growing field. From 2008 to 2012, the U.S. doubled renewable generation from wind, solar, and geothermal sources, and America is now home to some of the largest wind and solar farms in the world.[1]
Contents
[hide]Types of renewable resources[change | change source]
Solar power[change | change source]
Solar power is the technology of obtaining usable energy from the light of the sun. Solar energy has come into use where other power supplies are absent, such as in places far off from the national electrical grid and in space. Solar energy is currently used in a number of applications:
- Heat (hot water, building heat, solar cooking)
- Electricity generation (photovoltaics and solar thermal, Stirling and other heat engines)
- Desalination of seawater (taking the salt out so it can be used for drinking or growing crops).
- Lighting
Wind power[change | change source]
Wind power is using the energy of wind to do something useful. Wind has been used since ancient times to move ships, and for hundreds of years to pump water or grind corn and grain into flour, now it is usually changed intoelectricity using wind turbines.
In 2008, worldwide wind farm capacity was 100,000 megawatts (MW),[2] and wind power produced 1.3% of all the world's electricity.[3] Wind makes about 19% of electricity use in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and 6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland.[4] The United States is an important market for makers of wind mills, and it is rapidly growing. In 2007, the U.S. had enough windmills to produce 16,800 MW, enough for 4.5 million average households.[5] In 2012 alone, the U.S. added 13,000 MWs, and in total could produce 60,000 MWs (60 gigawatts) a year.[1]
Most modern wind power is generated in the form of electricity by converting the rotation of turbine blades into electrical current by means of an electrical generator. In windmills (a much older technology) wind energy is used to turn mechanical machinery to do physical work, like crushing grain or pumping water.
Wind power is used in large scale wind farms for national electrical grids as well as in small turbines for providing electricity to a farm house or off-grid locations. Wind energy is common, renewable, usable in many places, clean, and works against the greenhouse effect if used to replace fossil-fuels.
But they have some problems. Some people do not like the tall towers that can be seen from far away, and close to houses they can make a flickering shadow and have a small amount of noise. Some of the early wind farms were built where birds migrated every year, and they had small, fast-spinning blades that often killed birds. Some people still think all wind farms do that, but newer wind turbines are much bigger, with slower-moving blades and do not have that problem.
Wind mills do not make power when the wind is stopped or just a light breeze, so back-up power is still needed, or electricity needs to be moved from a distant place where the wind is blowing. Another idea is to put the turbines on kites, and fly them very high where the wind is always blowing.[6]
Hydropower[change | change source]
Hydropower is changing the energy of moving water into more useful forms. Even in ancient history hydropower was used for irrigating crops and milling of graininto flour, and later for textile manufacture (making cloth) and running sawmills to cut wood.
It was used in Ancient Rome for water powered mills, and in China and the rest of the Far East for "pot wheel" pumps that raised water into irrigation canals. In the 1830s, at the peak of building canals, hydropower was used to move barge traffic up and down steep hills using inclined plane railroads.
Direct mechanical power transmission meant that industries that used water power had to be near the water, particularly awaterfall. For example, during the late 1800's, many gristmills were built at Saint Anthony Falls, using the 50 foot (15 metre) drop in the Mississippi River. The mills helped Minneapolis grow.
Today the largest use of hydropower is for a dam that can use the falling water to make electricity. This electricity can be moved hundreds of miles through wires, so industry no longer needs to be very close to the water for power.
Geothermal[change | change source]
Geothermal energy uses the heat from deep underground to make electricity. It can be used to produce steam which goes up a pipe, which then pushes a turbine. It is best used in places where the Earth's crust is not real thick. In the United States, most of the western states have areas where this works. California makes the most geothermal energy.[7] Iceland uses the most geothermal energy (per person) of any country in the world.[8]
Once it is built, it is clean energy, but it requires deep wells. These areas often have volcanoes or earthquakes in the area, and sometimes adding or removing water deep underground might be enough to cause an earthquake. Some small earthquakes may have been caused this way.[9]
Biomass[change | change source]
Biomass includes sawdust and other leftover parts of trees or lumber. It can also be grease and food waste, straw, and plants grown for energy. Some of this is burned to make electricity, some is made into biogas,biofuel, like ethanol as a replacement for gasoline. Ethanol might be a big renewable resource in the future. It is already widely used in the United States and Brazil. In the U.S. it is made from corn, which uses about as much energy as it makes. But there could be ways to improve it.
Other websites[change | change source]
References[change | change source]
- ↑ Jump up to:1.0 1.1 "Record Year for Wind". U.S. Dept. of Energy. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
- Jump up↑ Wind Power Continues Rapid Rise
- Jump up↑ World Wind Energy Association (2008) Wind turbines generate more than 1 % of the global electricity
- Jump up↑ New report: a complete analysis of the global offshore wind energy industry and its major players
- Jump up↑ Installed U.S. Wind Power Capacity Surged 45% in 2007
- Jump up↑ "Flying Wind Turbines". National Geographic. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
- Jump up↑ "How Geothermal Energy Works". Union of Concerned Scientists. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
- Jump up↑ "Geothermal in Iceland". Iceland National Energy Authority. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
- Jump up↑ "New Safeguards for Geothermal". NY Times. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
Renewable resource
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A renewable resource is an organic natural resource which can replenish to overcome usage and consumption, either through biological reproduction or other naturally recurring processes. Renewable resources are a part of Earth's natural environment and the largest components of its ecosphere. A positive life cycle assessment is a key indicator of a resource's sustainability.[1]
Definitions of renewable resources may also include agricultural production, as in sustainable agriculture and to an extent water resources.[2] In 1962 Paul Alfred Weiss defined Renewable Resources as: "The total range of living organisms providing man with food, fibres, drugs, etc...".[3] Another type of renewable resources is renewable energy resources. Common sources of renewable energy include solar, geothermal and wind power, which are all categorised as renewable resources.
Contents
[show]Food and water[edit]
Water resources[edit]
Further information: Water resources
Water can be considered a renewable material when carefully controlled usage, treatment, and release are followed. If not, it would become a non-renewable resource at that location. For example, groundwater is usually removed from an aquifer at a rate much greater than its very slow natural recharge, and so groundwater is considered non-renewable. Removal of water from the pore spaces may cause permanent compaction (subsidence) that cannot be renewed. 97.5% of the water on the Earth is salt water, and 3% is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps.[4] The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction (0.008%) present above ground or in the air.[5]
Water pollution is one of the main concerns regarding water resources. It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in industry.[6] Major industrial users include hydroelectric dams, thermoelectric power plants, which use water for cooling, ore and oil refineries, which use water in chemical processes, and manufacturing plants, which use water as a solvent.
- Panoramic of a natural wetland (Sinclair Wetlands, New Zealand)
Non agricultural food[edit]
Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body.[7] Most food has its origin in renewable resources. Food is obtained directly from plants and animals.
Wild berries and other fruits, mushrooms, plants, seeds and naturally growing edible resources, still represent a valuable source of nutrition in many countries, especially in rural areas. In fact many wild animals are dependent on wild plants and fruits as a source of food.[8]
Hunting may not be the first source of meat in the modernised world, but it is still an important and essential source for many rural and remote groups. It is also the sole source of feeding for wild carnivores.[9]
Sustainable agriculture[edit]
Main article: Sustainable agriculture
The phrase sustainable agriculture was coined by Australian agricultural scientist Gordon McClymont.[10] It has been defined as "an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will last over the long term".[11] Expansion of agricultural land has an impact on biodiversity and contributes to deforestation. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations estimates that in coming decades, cropland will continue to be lost to industrial and urban development, along with reclamation of wetlands, and conversion of forest to cultivation, resulting in the loss of biodiversity and increased soil erosion.[12]
Although air and sunlight are available everywhere on Earth, crops also depend on soil nutrients and the availability ofwater. Monoculture is a method of growing only one crop at a time in a given field, which can damage land and cause it to become either unusable or suffer from reduced yields. Monoculture can also cause the build-up of pathogens and pests that target one specific species. The Great Irish Famine (1845–1849) is a well-known example of the dangers of monoculture.
Crop rotation and long-term crop rotations confer the replenishment of nitrogen through the use of green manure in sequence with cereals and other crops, and can improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants. Other methods to combat lost soil nutrients are returning to natural cycles that annually flood cultivated lands (returning lost nutrients indefinitely) such as the Flooding of the Nile, the long-term use of biochar, and use of crop and livestock landraces that are adapted to less than ideal conditions such as pests, drought, or lack of nutrients.
Agricultural practices are the single greatest contributor to the global increase in soil erosion rates.[13] It is estimated that "more than a thousand million tonnes of southern Africa's soil are eroded every year. Experts predict that crop yields will be halved within thirty to fifty years if erosion continues at present rates."[14] TheDust Bowl phenomenon in the 1930s was caused by severe drought combined with farming methods that did not include crop rotation, fallow fields, cover crops, soil terracing and wind-breaking trees to prevent wind erosion.[15]
The tillage of agricultural lands is one of the primary contributing factors to erosion, due to mechanised agricultural equipment that allows for deep plowing, which severely increases the amount of soil that is available for transport by water erosion.[16][17] The phenomenon called Peak Soil describes how large-scale factory farming techniques are jeopardizing humanity's ability to grow food in the present and in the future.[18] Without efforts to improve soil management practices, the availability of arable soil will become increasingly problematic.[19]
Methods to combat erosion include no-till farming, using a keyline design, growing wind breaks to hold the soil, and widespread use of compost. Chemical fertiliserand pesticides can also have an effect of soil erosion, which can contribute to soil salinity and prevent other species from growing. Phosphate is a primary component in the chemical fertiliser applied most commonly in modern agricultural production. However, scientists estimate that rock phosphate reserves will be depleted in 50–100 years and that Peak Phosphate will occur in about 2030.[20]
Industrial processing and logistics also have an effect on agriculture's sustainability. The way and locations crops are sold requires energy for transportation, as well as the energy cost for materials, labour, and transport. Food sold at a local location, such a farmers' market, have reduced energy overheads.
Overview of non-food resources[edit]
Main articles: Energy crop and Non-food crop
An important renewable resource is wood[citation needed] provided by means of forestry, which is used for construction, housing and firewood since ancient times. [21] [22] [23]Plants provide the main sources for renewable resources, the main distinction is made between energy crops and Non-food crops. A large variety of lubricants, industrially used vegetable oils, textiles and fibre made e.g. of cotton, copra or hemp, paper derived from wood, rags or grasses, bioplastic are based on plant renewable resources. A large variety of chemical base products like latex, ethanol, resin, sugar and starch can be provided with plant renewables. Animal based renewables include fur, leather, technical fat and lubricants and further derived products, as e.g. animal glue, tendons, casings or in historical times ambra and baleen provided by whaling.
With regard to pharmacy ingredients and legal and illegal drugs, plants are important sources, however e.g. venom of snakes, frogs and insects has been a valuable renewable source of pharmacological ingredients. Befeore GMO production set in, insulin and important hormones ware based on animal sources. Feathers an important byproduct of poultry farming for food is still being used as filler and as base for keratin in general. Same applies for the chitin produced in farmingCrustaceans which may be used as base of chitosan. The most important part of the human body used for non medical purposes is human hair as for artificial hair integrations, which is being traded worldwide.
Historical role[edit]
Historically, renewable resources like firewood, latex, guano, charcoal, wood ash, plant colors as indigo, and whale products have been crucial for human needs but failed to supply demand in the begin of the industrial era.[24] Early modern times faced large problems with overuse of renewable resources as in deforestation,overgrazing or overfishing.[24]
Besides fresh meat and milk, which is as a food item not topic of this section,livestock farmers and artisans used further animal ingredients as tendons, horn, bones, bladders. Complex technical constructions as the composite bow were based on combination of animal and plant based materials. The current distribution conflict between biofuel and food production is being described as Food vs. fuel. Conflicts between food needs and usage, as supposed by fief obligations were in so far common in historical times as well.[25]However, a significant percentage of (middle European) farmers yields went into livestock, which provides as well organic fertiliser.[26] Oxen and horses were important for transportation purposes, drove engines as e.g. in treadmills.
Other regions solved the transportation problem with terracing, urban and garden agriculture.[24] Further conflicts as between forestry and herding, or (sheep) herders and cattle farmers led to various solutions. Some confined wool production and sheep to large state and nobility domains or outsourced to professional shepherds with larger wandering herds.[27]
The British Agricultural Revolution was mainly based on a new system of crop rotation, the four-field rotation. British agriculturist Charles Townshend recognised the invention in Dutch Waasland and popularised it in the 18th century UK, George Washington Carver in the USA. The system used wheat, turnips amd barley and introduced as well clover. Clover is able to fix nitrogen from air, a practically non exhaustive renewable resource, into fertilizing compounds to the soil and allowed to increase yields by large. Farmers opened up a fodder crop and grazing crop. Thus livestock could to be bred year-round and winter culling was avoided. The amount of manure rose and allowed more crops but to refrain from wood pasture.[24]
Early modern times and the 19th century saw the previous resource base partially replaced respectively supplemented by large scale chemical synthesis and by the use of fossil and mineral resources respectively.[28] Besides the still central role of wood, there is a sort of renaissance of renewable products based on modern agriculture, genetic research and extraction technology. Besides fears about an upcoming global shortage of fossil fuels, local shortages due to boycotts, war and blockades or just transportation problems in remote regions have contributed to different methods of replacing or substituting fossil resources based on renewables.
Challenges[edit]
The use of certain basically renewable products as in TCM endangers various species. Just the black market in rhinoceros horn reduced the world's rhino population by more than 90 percent over the past 40 years.[29][30]
Renewables used for autarky approaches[edit]
The success of the German chemical industry till World War I was based on the replacement of colonial products. The predecessors of IG Farben dominated the world market for synthetic dyes at the beginning of the 20th century[31] and had an important role in artificial pharmaceuticals, photographic film, agricultural chemicals and electrochemicals.[28]
However the former Plant breeding research institutes took a different approach. After the loss of the German colonial empire, important players in the field as Erwin Baur and Konrad Meyer switched to using local crops as base for economicautarky.[32][33] Meyer as a key agricultural scientist and spatial planner of the Nazi era managed and lead Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft resources and focused about a third of the complete research grants in Nazi Germany on agricultural and genetic research and especially on resources needed in case of a further German war effort.[32] A wide array of agrarian research institutes still existing today and having importance in the field was founded or enlarged in the time.
There were some major failures as trying to e.g. grow frost resistant olive species, but some success in the case of hemp,Linum, rapeseed, which are still of current importance.[32] During the war, German scientists tried to systematically exploit foreign research results in occupied countries. Heinrich Himmler personally supported a research project using RussianTaraxacum (dandelion) species to manufacture natural rubber.[32] The project was conducted using 150 female KZ prisoners and captured Russian scientists kept together as 'Kommando Pflanzenzucht' (Plant breeding command) in a subcamp (SS) of Konzentrationslager Auschwitz led by SS agrarian research officer Joachim Caesar. Rubber dandelions are still of interest, as scientists in the Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) announced 2013 to have developed a cultivar that is suitable for commercial production of natural rubber.[34]
Legal situation and subsidies[edit]
Several legal and economic means have been used to enhance the market share of renewables. The UK uses Non-Fossil Fuel Obligations (NFFO), a collection oforders requiring the electricity Distribution Network Operators in England and Wales to purchase electricity from the nuclear power and renewable energy sectors. Similar mechanisms operate in Scotland (the Scottish Renewable Orders under the Scottish Renewables Obligation) and Northern Ireland (the Northern Ireland Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation). In the USA, Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), use a similar approach. German Energiewende is using fed-in tariffs. An unexpected outcome of the subsidies was the quick increase of pellet byfiring in conventional fossil fuel plants (compare Tilbury power stations) and cement works, making wood respectively biomass accounting for about half of Europe’s renewable-energy consumption.[23]
Examples of industrial use[edit]
Bioplastics[edit]
Main article: Bioplastics
Bioplastics are a form of plastics derived from renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable fats and oils, lignin, corn starch, pea starch[35] or microbiota.[36] The most common form of bioplastic is thermoplastic starch. Other forms includeCellulose bioplastics, biopolyester, Polylactic acid, and bio-derived polyethylene.
The production and use of bioplastics is generally regarded as a more sustainable activity when compared to plastic production from petroleum (petroplastic); however, manufacturing of bioplastic materials is often still reliant upon petroleum as an energy and materials source. Because of the fragmentation in the market and ambiguous definitions it is difficult to describe the total market size for bioplastics, but the global production capacity is estimated at 327,000 tonnes.[37] In contrast, global consumption of all flexible packaging is estimated at around 12.3 million tonnes.[38]
Bioasphalt[edit]
Main article: Bioasphalt
Bioasphalt is an asphalt alternative made from non-petroleum based renewable resources. Manufacturing sources of bioasphalt include sugar, molasses and rice, corn and potato starches, and vegetable oil based waste. Asphalt made with vegetable oil based binders was patented by Colas SA in France in 2004.[39][40]
Renewable energy[edit]
Renewable energy refers to the provision of energy via renewable resources which are naturally replenished fast enough as being used. It includes e.g. sunlight,wind, biomass, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.[41] Renewable energy may replace or enhance fossil energy supply various distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.[42]
Biomass[edit]
Main article: Biomass
Biomass is referring to biological material from living, or recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials.
Sustainable harvesting and use of renewable resources (i.e., maintaining a positive renewal rate) can reduce air pollution,soil contamination, habitat destruction and land degradation.[43] Biomass energy is derived from six distinct energy sources: garbage, wood, plants, waste, landfill gases, and alcohol fuels. Historically, humans have harnessed biomass-derived energy since the advent of burning wood to make fire, and wood remains the largest biomass energy source today.[44][45]
However, low tech use of biomass, which still amounts for more than 10% of world energy needs may induce indoor air pollution in developing nations[46] and results in between 1.5 million and 2 million deaths in 2000.[47]
The biomass used for electricity generation varies by region.[48] Forest by-products, such as wood residues, are common in the United States.[48] Agricultural waste is common in Mauritius (sugar cane residue) and Southeast Asia (rice husks).[48]Animal husbandry residues, such as poultry litter, are common in the UK.[48] The biomass power generating industry in the United States, which consists of approximately 11,000 MW of summer operating capacity actively supplying power to the grid, produces about 1.4 percent of the U.S. electricity supply.[49]
Biofuel[edit]
Main article: Biofuels
A biofuel is a type of fuel whose energy is derived from biological carbon fixation. Biofuels include fuels derived from biomassconversion, as well as solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases.[50]
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn,sugarcane or switchgrass.
Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe.
Biogas is methane produced by the process of anaerobic digestion of organic material by anaerobes.,[51] etc. is also a renewable source of energy.
Biogas[edit]
Biogas typically refers to a mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic bacteria or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as manure,sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant material, and crops.[52] It is primarily methane (CH
4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and may have small amounts ofhydrogen sulphide (H
2S), moisture and siloxanes.
4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and may have small amounts ofhydrogen sulphide (H
2S), moisture and siloxanes.
Natural fibre[edit]
Main article: Natural fiber
Natural fibres are a class of hair-like materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to pieces of thread. They can be used as a component of composite materials. They can also be matted into sheets to make products such as paper or felt. Fibres are of two types: natural fibre which consists of animal and plant fibres, and man made fibre which consists of synthetic fibres and regenerated fibres.
Threats to renewable resources[edit]
Renewable resources are endangered by non-regulated industrial developments and growth.[53] They must be carefully managed to avoid exceeding the natural world's capacity to replenish them.[1] A life cycle assessment provides a systematic means of evaluating renewability. This is a matter of sustainability in the natural environment.[54]
Overfishing[edit]
Main article: Overfishing
National Geographic has described ocean over fishing as "simply the taking of wildlife from the sea at rates too high for fished species to replace themselves."[55]
Tuna meat is driving overfishing as to endanger some species like the bluefin tuna. The European Community and other organisations are trying to regulate fishery as to protect species and to prevent their extinctions.[56] The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty deals with aspects of overfishing in articles 61, 62, and 65.[57]
Examples of overfishing exist in areas such as the North Sea of Europe, the Grand Banks of North America and the East China Sea of Asia.[58]
The decline of penguin population is caused in part by overfishing, caused by human competition over the same renewable resources[59]
Deforestation[edit]
Main article: Deforestation
Besides their role as a resource for fuel and building material, trees protect the environment by absorbing carbon dioxide and by creating oxygen.[60] The destruction of rain forests is one of the critical causes of climate change. Deforestation causes carbon dioxide to linger in the atmosphere. As carbon dioxide accrues, it produces a layer in the atmosphere that traps radiation from the sun. The radiation converts to heat which causes global warming, which is better known as thegreenhouse effect.[61]
Deforestation also affects the water cycle. It reduces the content of water in the soil and groundwater as well as atmospheric moisture.[62] Deforestation reduces soil cohesion, so that erosion, flooding and landslides ensue.[63][64]
Rain forests shelter many species and organisms providing local populations with food and other commodities. In this way biofuels may well be unsustainable if their production contributes to deforestation.[65]
Endangered species[edit]
Main article: Endangered species
Some renewable resources, species and organisms are facing a very high risk of extinction caused by growing human population and over-consumption. It has been estimated that over 40% of all living species on Earth are at risk of going extinct.[66] Many nations have laws to protect hunted species and to restrict the practice of hunting. Other conservation methods includes restricting land development or creating preserves. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the best-known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system.[67] Internationally, 199 countries have signed an accord agreeing to create Biodiversity Action Plans to protect endangered and other threatened species.
See also[edit]
Renewable energy portal | |
Environment portal | |
Ecology portal | |
Earth sciences portal | |
Sustainable development portal | |
Energy portal |
References[edit]
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Further reading[edit]
- Krzeminska, Joanna, Are Support Schemes for Renewable Energies Compatible with Competition Objectives? An Assessment of National and Community Rules, Yearbook of European Environmental Law (Oxford University Press), Volume VII, Nov. 2007, p. 125
- Masters, G. M. (2004). Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems. Hoboken, NJ:John Wiley & Sons.
- Panwar, N. L., Kaushik, S. C., & Kothari, S. (2011, April). Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection: A review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(3), 1513-1524.
- Sawin, Janet. "Charting a New Energy Future." State of the World 2003. By Lester R. Brown. Boston: W. W. Norton & Company, Incorporated, 2003.
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